INDIA-US Trade Issues: Generalized System of Preferences

Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) is a U.S. trade programme designed to promote economic growth in the developing world by providing preferential duty-free entry for up to 4800 products from 129 designated beneficiary countries and territories, which United States intends to terminate in case of India and Turkey and has given a 60-day withdrawal notice for that on Tuesday 5 March 2019.

• GSPwas instituted on 1 January 1976, by the Trade Act of 1974, an Act to promote the development of an open, non-discriminatory, and fair world economic system, to stimulate fair and free competition between the United States and foreign nations, to foster the economic growth of, and full employment in, the United States, and for other purposes.
• GSP benefits are envisaged to be non-reciprocal and non-discriminatory benefits extended by developed countries to developing countries.
• In India’s case the GSP concessions extended by the US amounted to duty reduction of only USD 190 million per annum.
• India has been the biggest beneficiary of the GSP regime and accounted for over a quarter of the goods that got duty-free access into the US in 2017.
• India’s exports to US under GSP, at $5.58 billion, were over 12% of India’s total goods exports of $45.2 billion to US in 2017.
• US goods trade deficit with India was $22.9 billion in 2017.

US initiated review on India’s GSP benefits in April 2018, on the basis of representations by the US medical devices and dairy industries, but subsequently included numerous other issues on a self-initiated basis. These included issues related to market access for various agriculture and animal husbandry products, relaxation / easing of procedures related to issues like telecom testing / conformity assessment and tariff reduction on ICT products.

India and U.S. have been discussing various trade issues of bilateral interest for a suitable resolution on mutually acceptable terms, after the review was initiated.

1. S. Department of Commerce engaged with various Government of India departments concerned with these issues, and India was able to offer a very meaningful way forward on almost all the US requests. In a few instances, specific US requests were not found reasonable and doable at this time by the departments concerned, in light of public welfare concerns reflective of India’s developing country status and its national interest.

• India was ready to address US concerns regarding medical devices in principle, by putting in place a suitable trade margin approach in a reasonable time frame to balance concerns about fair pricing for the consumers and adequate remuneration for the suppliers.
• On the issue of dairy market access, India has clarified that while our certification requirement – that the source animal had never been fed animal derived blood meal, is non-negotiable given the cultural and religious sentiment, the requested simplified dairy certification procedure, without diluting this requirement, could be considered.
• Acceptability of US market access requests related to products like alfalfa hay, cherries and pork was conveyed.
• On reduction of our IT duties, India’s duties are moderate and not import stopping.
• Any MFN duty reduction would almost entirely benefit third countries.
• Accordingly, India conveyed willingness to extend duty concessions on specific items in which there is a clear US interest.
• On telecom testing, India was willing to consider discussions for a Mutual Recognition Agreement.

US trade deficit with India has substantially reduced in calendar years 2017 and 2018 due to various initiatives resulting in enhanced purchase of US goods like oil and natural gas and coal. The reduction is estimated to be over $4 billion in 2018, with further reduction expected in future years on account of factors like the growing demand for energy and civilian aircrafts in India. This reduction has happened in the face of a rising overall US trade deficit, including with some other major economies.

India is also a thriving market for US services and e-commerce companies like Amazon, Uber, Google and Facebook with billions of dollars of revenue.

The issue of Indian tariffs being high has been raised from time to time. It is pertinent that India’s tariffs are within its bound rates under WTO commitments, and are on the average well below these bound rates. India’s trade weighted average tariffs are 7.6%, which is comparable with the most open developing economies, and some developed economies. On developmental considerations there may be a few tariff peaks, which is true for almost all economies.

India was agreeable to a very meaningful mutually acceptable package on the above lines to be agreed to at this time, while keeping remaining issues under discussion in the future.